Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 7

Cytokinins play an important role in plants and are targets of wheat breeding, particularly in terms of flowering and yield. The cytokinin expression of the Triticum aestivum through the amino acid is crucial for its development. This plant hormone plays a dual role in plant physiology, regulating both growth and stress adaptation. Only a few studies have integrated relative synonymous codon usage with protein physicochemical profiling for wheat cytokinin genes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), molecular weight (g mol⁻¹), theoretical isoelectric point, instability index, aliphatic index, and hydrophobicity for the wheat cytokinin sequences from two different databases. RSCU values were calculated as the ratio of the observed frequency to the expected frequency for the particular codon. The theoretical isoelectric point was calculated based on the dissociation constant for groups of carboxylic acid and amino acid groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of RSCU values, molecular weight, and pI was performed using ExPASy tools and SAS 9.4. The results showed that values of the relative synonymous codon usage divided the amino acids of wheat into two groups. In the first group, values were above 1.6 (significant overrepresentation), such as those for phenylalanine (TTC) and Leucine (TTA). In the second group, values were below 0.6 (underrepresentation), such as those for leucine (CTA) and valine (GTT). The molecular weights ranged from 22,282.62 to 30,712.62 g mol⁻¹. In addition, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) ranged from 4.81 to 6.6, and the instability index values were 34.3 and 38.16. A high degree of instability was observed at 1D and 5D of wheat genomes with values of 54.16 and 50.36, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the RSCU revealed that the main variation was attributed to PC1, accounting for a total variation of about 72.11%. The amino acids contributing to this variation included isoleucine, leucine, lysine, aspartic acid, and serine. PCA of the theoretical isoelectric point results found that the main variation was attributed to PC1, with a total variation of about 58.88%, and these chromosomes included 5D, 4D, 1A, 4B, and 3D of wheat genomes. These analyses provide insights into protein properties and codon usage patterns, which are valuable for understanding wheat genome function. Understanding the importance of RSCU in plant breeding helps breeders understand the mechanisms and functional aspects of wheat genomes, thereby enabling the development of wheat genomes for environmental adaptations. These results will provide a reference for nutrition and industrial applications, and will provide essential support for further breeding programs.