Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 12

Women’s equal participation in decision-making and leadership is necessary for justice and democracy. Since independence, Tanzania has made efforts towards national development; however, despite initiatives by both the government and the international community, gender equality has not been fully achieved across ministries, public institutions, local communities, and political systems. This study assessed women’s participation in decision-making in schools and political leadership in local government in Ibumu and Image Wards, Kilolo District, Iringa Region, Tanzania. It also examined factors contributing to women’s under-representation in leadership positions and their low levels of participation in decision-making, as well as measures that could enable women to have equal access to decision-making and leadership. The study reported 123 participants, including 4 heads of schools, 8 head teachers, 9 village chairpersons, 2 ward education coordinators, 2 ward executive officers, 50 teachers, and 50 community members. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observations and were analysed using a thematic framework. Findings indicated a marked gender imbalance in leadership and decision-making positions. Among teachers, 80% identified cultural and traditional barriers, 70% stereotypes, and 60% lack of confidence as key challenges. Among community members, 90% identified stereotypes, 80% lack of confidence, and 60% cultural barriers as major constraints. Additional factors included family responsibilities (50% of teachers; 30% of community members) and gender bias in leadership appointments (40% of teachers; 36% of community members). The study further indicated that women’s participation was constrained by limited education, resistance from men, threats from husbands, traditional customs, family responsibilities, lack of confidence, and stereotypes. Male leaders occupied most senior political leadership positions and were the main decision-makers. The study concludes that, although Tanzania has demonstrated a commitment to gender equality, substantial gaps persist in practice, and further efforts are required to promote equitable participation of women in leadership and decision-making processes.