Surviving Sundarbans: Tragedy and Hope, Edition 2

The Sundarbans, recognised as the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, serves as a vital refuge for the endangered Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). However, the region is increasingly affected by human–tiger conflict (HTC), posing significant threats to local communities and tiger conservation efforts. Since 2000, more than 300 human deaths and 46 tiger deaths have been documented, with most human fatalities involving fishermen (77.5%) and honey collectors (17.6%) who enter tiger habitats to sustain their livelihoods.

This conflict is intensified by climate change, as rising sea levels and frequent cyclones erode tiger habitats, pushing the animals inland and displacing human populations into forested areas. Key drivers of HTC include habitat fragmentation, depletion of natural prey and illegal practices, such as poaching and unauthorised entry into protected areas. In response to tiger attacks, retaliatory killings—often by poisoning or firearms—pose a serious threat to the remaining tiger population.

Various mitigation measures have shown promise. For instance, the installation of nylon net fencing has successfully reduced tiger intrusions in the Indian parts of the Sundarbans. Additionally, community-based programmes promoting alternative livelihoods, such as beekeeping and crab farming, aim to reduce human dependence on forest resources. Nevertheless, ongoing challenges remain, including insufficient victim compensation and media narratives that amplify negative perceptions of tigers.

To foster coexistence, a multifaceted approach is essential. This includes stronger enforcement of conservation laws, restoration of degraded habitats and community empowerment through education and sustainable tourism. Achieving a balance between human development and biodiversity conservation is imperative for preserving the ecological integrity of the Sundarbans and ensuring the survival of its iconic wildlife.

Continuous and regular awareness initiatives by government stakeholders, local NGOs and other agencies among local people and students of schools and colleges in the area will reduce the stress.

A regular increase in the appointment of forest guards and Quick Response Team personnel, along with the provision of necessary amenities, will also mitigate the problem to some extent.