Sustainable Agriculture Strategies for Climate Adaptation and Mitigation: A Comprehensive Guide

Global food systems are confronted with an unprecedented convergence of climate variability, infrastructural deficits, and escalating demand, all of which threaten the nutritional security of billions. Research over the past two decades has increasingly sought to bridge the conceptual gap between food systems science, supply chain management, and nutritional epidemiology. Despite this growing scholarly attention, significant gaps persist in the integrated understanding of how supply chain resilience, post-harvest loss reduction, and nutritional security interact under conditions of climate stress. This review synthesises contemporary evidence on the structural vulnerabilities embedded within agricultural supply chains, the magnitude and drivers of post-harvest losses across diverse agro-ecological and socio-economic contexts, and the mechanisms through which climate stress degrades diet quality and nutritional outcomes. Drawing upon peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2026, alongside authoritative reports from intergovernmental organisations, the analysis places particular emphasis on low- and middle-income countries, where post-harvest losses and climate vulnerabilities are most acute. The review further explores the interconnection between supply chain resilience, food loss reduction, and dietary diversity, arguing that these domains cannot be addressed in isolation if nutritional security is to be achieved in a warming world. Findings reveal that post-harvest losses in low- and middle-income countries frequently exceed 30–40% for perishable commodities, while climate-induced disruptions are intensifying loss events and narrowing the dietary diversity available to vulnerable populations. The review concludes that integrated, context-sensitive interventions anchored in systems thinking and supported by multi-stakeholder governance offer the most promising pathway towards resilient and nutritious food systems. Significant research gaps persist, particularly regarding the long-term nutritional consequences of supply chain disruptions and the scalability of technological solutions in resource-constrained settings.