Behavioural Responses of Bagworm Larvae to Biotic and Abiotic Environmental Factors: A Comprehensive Review
Janhiphula Kanhar
Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences-Deemed University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.
Priyoneel Basu
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar, Madhya Pradesh-470003, India.
Sweta Arora *
Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences-Deemed University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Bagworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) display diverse behavioural adaptations that enable survival under varying biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. This review summarises key behavioural responses, including host plant selection, dispersal, phototactic movement, silk-assisted locomotion, and protective case construction. Environmental factors such as light, climate, and habitat structure influence larval movement and development, while interactions with predators and natural enemies shape defensive and foraging behaviours. The portable bag, supported by strong silk and unique fibroin genes, serves both as protection and as an adaptive tool for survival. Studies also highlight the role of ecological interactions and population dynamics in pest outbreaks and crop losses, particularly in oil palm ecosystems. Recent genomic and behavioural research provides deeper insights into mechanisms underlying larval adaptability. Overall, understanding these behavioural responses is essential for improving ecological knowledge and developing sustainable pest management strategies.
Keywords: Bagworms, larval behaviour, phototaxis, host plant interaction, pest ecology