Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 12

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Diabetes Mellitus are common endocrine and metabolic disorders that share key pathophysiological features, including insulin resistance, hormonal imbalance, and oxidative stress. These conditions not only disrupt metabolic homeostasis but also contribute to reproductive dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk. The objective of this review is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in the management of PCOS and Diabetes Mellitus, with a focus on its bioactive constituents and underlying mechanisms of action.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major scientific databases, and relevant clinical and experimental studies were systematically analysed. Fenugreek contains bioactive compounds such as galactomannan, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, diosgenin, and trigonelline, which demonstrate significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and hormonal regulatory effects. Evidence from randomised controlled trials and observational studies indicates that fenugreek supplementation improves glycemic control, reduces insulin resistance, and alleviates clinical symptoms associated with PCOS, including menstrual irregularity and hyperandrogenism. These findings highlight fenugreek as a promising, cost-effective adjunctive therapy with potential applications in the integrative management of metabolic and endocrine disorders. However, variability in study design and lack of standardised dosing remain challenges. Further research focusing on molecular mechanisms, long-term safety, and clinical standardisation is essential to support its incorporation into evidence-based clinical practice.