Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. Lung cancer ranks second among cancer diagnoses for both genders in the US and is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The study aims to assess the role of liquid Biopsy and tumour-derived biomarkers in diagnostic lung cancer. Numerous body fluids and tissues include tumour-derived biomarkers for lung cancer, which offer important information for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. These biomarkers consist of tumour-derived exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). This study found that CTCs are tumour cells that separate from primary or metastatic lesions and enter the peripheral circulation on their own or as a consequence of a diagnosis or therapeutic procedure. Moreover, Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound, nanoscale particles secreted into the extracellular space by cells. Microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies are the three primary subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Along with the cfDNA fraction contains DNA produced by tumour cells after apoptosis, necrosis, or active secretion. With ongoing advancements, liquid biopsy represents a transformative step toward precision oncology, offering hope for improved outcomes through earlier detection, better monitoring, and tailored therapy in lung cancer.