Microbiology, Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles and Interconnections Vol. 1

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs and REIDs) constitute a continuing and evolving threat to global health security. Over the past few decades, the world has experienced novel and increasingly frequent waves of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Characterised by outbreaks of novel infections and the reappearance of previously controlled diseases, their occurrence is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, environmental and sociopolitical factors. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of Latin America, are disproportionately affected by infectious disease outbreaks because of fragile healthcare systems, limited access to diagnostics and treatment, and underlying social and economic vulnerabilities. This review synthesises global trends and regional effects of EIDs and REIDs, emphasising microbial evolution, zoonotic spillover, climate change, urbanisation and deteriorating healthcare infrastructure. Particular attention is given to the disproportionate burden borne by LMICs, where inadequate surveillance systems, conflict and poverty increase vulnerability. The study examines case studies of major epidemics, explores regional disparities and emphasises the need for integrated One Health approaches that recognise the connections between human, animal and environmental health. It also examines surveillance technologies, early warning systems and public health interventions, highlighting equitable access to vaccines, community engagement and capacity building. Ethical and legal issues, including health equity and data privacy, are also considered. By integrating these dimensions, the review presents a comprehensive framework for strengthening preparedness and resilience in an increasingly interconnected world that is vulnerable to pandemics. The findings emphasise that international solidarity, transparent governance and inclusive policies must accompany efforts to strengthen local health systems, particularly in LMICs. Developing resilient health systems requires a multidisciplinary and forward-looking approach that combines classical epidemiology with emerging tools such as genomic surveillance, artificial intelligence and mobile health technologies.