Emerging Trends and Risk Factors Associated with Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Okolonkwo, Benjamin Nnamdi *
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Nnamani, Vitus Ikenna
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Okolonkwo, Promise Mmesoma
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Kidney disease is a global health concern affecting millions of people worldwide. Early intervention is essential for reducing the economic burden associated with kidney diseases. This chapter reviews the risk factors associated with kidney diseases, specifically age, gender, race, ethnicity, family history, drug use, smoking, socio-economic status, hypertension, diabetes, and recent evidence linking other conditions and toxins to the development of kidney disease. The kidneys play a vital role in overall human health and well-being. Their ability to filter waste, reabsorb essential nutrients, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for health. However, factors such as age-related changes, exposure to toxins, and lifestyle habits can contribute to declining kidney function and subsequent health problems. It is therefore crucial to identify risk factors for kidney damage and implement early preventive measures to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. Raising awareness of these factors may help prevent chronic kidney disease and reduce the incidence of end-stage renal disease. Several risk factors are modifiable, and early diagnosis and treatment can prevent severe complications. Regular health checks, the identification of risk factors through panels of tests, and a proactive approach to health are important for maintaining kidney function and preventing potential health problems. In conclusion, awareness of factors that can damage the kidneys, together with a proactive approach to health, can support the maintenance of healthy kidney function and the prevention of chronic kidney disease. Prioritising healthy lifestyle habits may reduce the risk of kidney disease and support long-term health. Awareness is also increasing regarding the detrimental effects of potential nephrotoxins on kidney health in children and adults. However, high-quality epidemiological studies examining environmental exposures and multiple health outcomes, including kidney health, in both populations remain limited; therefore, further studies are required.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, nephrotoxicity, environmental exposures, metabolic risk factors, demographic risk factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heavy metals, kidney function