Integrated Assessment on Coastal Flooding Impacts to the Community Vulnerability in Muaragembong, Indonesia
Johan Risandi *
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Ulung Jantama Wisha
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Terry L. Kepel
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Endro Soeyanto
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Dini Purbani
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.
Karlina Triana
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Dwi Hindarti
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Husen Rifai
Research Center for Industrial Economy, Services, and Trade, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool VIC 3280, Australia.
Mira
The Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.
Yeti Darmayati
Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.
Agus Setiawan
Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Agus Dendi Rochendi
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
Andi Egon
Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.
Yessi Nirwana Kurniadi
Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.
Dian Noor Handiani
Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.
Muhammad Hikmat Jayawiguna
Directorate for Marine and Fisheries Training, Maritime and Fisheries Extension and Human Resources Development Agency, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Munawar Sahabuddin
Research Center for Industrial Economy, Services, and Trade, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: This study investigates the ecological degradation and socioeconomic vulnerability causing household-level economic losses caused by frequent coastal flooding in the Muaragembong District, Bekasi, Indonesia.
Study Design: This study employed a compound method to assess the physical, ecological, and socioeconomic impacts of tidal-induced coastal flooding in Muaragembong District.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Muaragembong District, Bekasi, West Java Province, during the dry season in July 2019.
Methodology: Datasets were collected through onsite observations, interviews, and secondary datasets. Field activities included visual assessments of coastal housing and geomorphology, and structured interviews with 101 respondents drawn from community leaders, fishermen, shrimp farmers, traders, local officials, and fishery housewives. Respondents were selected using stratified random sampling from 200 households distributed across three distance zones: ≤100 m (35 households), 100–150 m (31 households), and >150 m (134 households). Secondary data included the 30 m Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS) topography, tidal levels derived from eight major tidal constituents from the Tide Model Driver (TMD) model, and demographic statistics from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS-Indonesia). Flood inundation was mapped in ArcGIS by superimposing the high water level on the DEM, excluding eroded areas below 0 m and permanent water bodies. Socioeconomic vulnerability was assessed using the Structural Analysis Method (SAM) and MICMAC analysis which is based on the Indonesian government’s statistical database. Economic losses were estimated from the results of interviews using the Averting Behaviour Method and Human Capital Method.
Results: The results indicate that tidal flooding in Muaragembong affects approximately 2,683 ha of coastal land, primarily aquaculture areas and mangroves. The flooding imposes substantial annual household losses exceeding US$1M (IDR 15 billion), resulting from 38% of respondents with damage to houses and appliances, 43% respondents who need medical treatments, and 35% respondents experiencing income loss. The hazard also accelerates mangrove dieback, pollution accumulation, and saltwater intrusion, further decreasing local resilience.
Conclusion: These findings highlight that the coastal flooding in Muaragembong is not only an environmental issue but also an economic and social crisis. Integrated solutions that combine ecosystem restoration, infrastructure improvements, and community-based adaptation are crucial to reducing future risks and enhancing resilience.
Keywords: Coastal flooding, ecological impact, socioeconomic vulnerability, economic losses, Muaragembong-Indonesia