Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 11

Boreholes and septic tanks are widely used in residential neighbourhoods of Port Harcourt metropolis, making appropriate separation important for groundwater protection. This study assessed borehole siting in relation to septic-tank distance and examined factors associated with compliance with the 30 m setback benchmark used in the manuscript. A cross-sectional design was adopted across six neighbourhood categories. Borehole-to-septic-tank distances were measured, water samples were collected over six months, and respondents' perceptions of compliance determinants were assessed. Statistical analysis included one-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test, and Spearman's rank correlation. Mean separation distances ranged from 14.04 m in the Rumuokoro-Rumuola-Rumuomasi axis to 21.06 m in outskirts and expanding residential areas. All neighbourhood categories were below the 30 m benchmark, with mean shortfalls ranging from 8.94 to 15.96 m; the reported one-sample tests were statistically significant (p = 0.000). Weighted mean scores for perceived determinants ranged from 3.96 to 4.12, with high building density (WM = 4.12) and poor urban planning (WM = 4.11) among the highest-rated factors. Correlations among the identified determinants were strong and positive (r = 0.810–0.920, p < 0.05). The findings indicate widespread setback non-compliance and interrelated institutional, spatial, socio-economic and behavioural constraints, supporting strengthened development control, monitoring, urban planning and public awareness.