Green Approaches to the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles: A Comprehensive Review
V.V.K. Vasu Juthiga
Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to be University, NH-207, Doddaballapur Taluk Bengaluru Rural, Karnataka 561203, India.
S.N. Murthy Boddapati
Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, PG Courses, Eluru, AP 534007, India.
Ramana Tamminana *
Department of Chemistry, VIT-AP University, Inavolu, Beside AP Secretariat, Amaravati, Near Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 522237, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The benzothiazole (BTZ) core is one of the important nitrogen- and sulphur-containing fused heterocyclic scaffolds. The study of heterocyclic compounds is important because they exhibit notable bioactivity and pharmacological activity. Consequently, medicinal chemists have shown increasing interest in developing synthetic routes and investigating the biological properties of heterocyclic compounds. In this context, the synthesis and discovery of the biological properties of unique BTZ derivatives have increased markedly in recent years. However, many classical techniques used for benzothiazole synthesis have drawbacks and lack long-term sustainability. This limitation has created an urgent need for eco-friendly synthetic strategies. To accelerate the discovery of future BTZ-based lead molecules, it is essential to understand green chemical pathways. This review consolidates recent advances in the green synthesis of benzothiazole and its derivatives. By focusing on literature published over the last decade (2014-2024), this study highlights modern, sustainable approaches that support both medicinal relevance and environmental responsibility.
Keywords: Fused heterocycles benzothiazole, bio-active green methods, structure activity relationship