Advances in Sustainable Agriculture and Horticulture: Towards Resilient, Productive, and Ecologically Sound Food Systems

The rising incidence of plant diseases poses a significant threat to global food security and biodiversity, with crop yield losses currently estimated between 10% and 40%. As the global population approaches 9.7 billion by 2050, the limitations of chemical pesticides, including environmental degradation and human health risks, have necessitated a shift toward sustainable alternatives. This chapter explores the comprehensive framework of plant disease management within organic farming systems, which prioritises ecological harmony and non-toxic interventions. The study details a multi-layered strategy beginning with agronomical methods such as crop rotation, tillage, and strategic sowing adjustments to break pathogen cycles. It further examines physical techniques, specifically soil solarisation and heat treatments, to reduce soil-borne inoculum. A central focus is placed on biological control agents, highlighting the efficacy of beneficial bacteria, like Pseudomonas, and fungi, like Trichoderma, which suppress pathogens through antagonism and induce systemic resistance. Additionally, the role of botanical extracts and the deployment of genetically resistant host varieties are discussed as vital components for enhancing crop resilience. The chapter concludes that a holistic integration of these cultural, physical, and biological tools is essential for maintaining agroecosystem stability and ensuring productive, sustainable agricultural futures.