Managing Saline Irrigation and Soil Microbiome Using Coalchar-Derived Graphene Oxide

Manikandan Ayiramkan

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

T. Sherene Jenita Rajammal *

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

Parthasarathi Rengasamy

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

Baskar Murugaiyan

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

Senthil Kuppusamy

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

S. Anandhakrishnaveni

Department of Agronomy, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

Kanagavalli Arumugam

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.


Abstract

Soil salinity and declining soil biological health are major constraints to sustainable crop production, particularly under the intensifying impacts of climate change. This review examined the emerging role of graphene oxide derived from refractory coal char as a multifunctional material for improving soil health, engineering soil microbiome, and ameliorating saline irrigation water. Refractory coalchar, an industrial by-product, can be transformed into graphene oxide through oxidation–exfoliation processes, producing a material with high surface area and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. These properties enable efficient adsorption of sodium ions and dissolved salts, thereby reducing electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio of poor-quality irrigation water. Beyond water treatment, graphene oxide influences soil physicochemical and biological properties. Its application enhances soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient availability while reducing salinity stress. Importantly, graphene oxide acts as a supportive matrix for microbial colonisation, leading to improved microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and functional diversity. Evidence from incubation and field studies indicates that the combined effects of improved water quality and enhanced soil biological activity translate into significant gains in crop growth and productivity under saline conditions. The graphene oxide derived from coalchar into agricultural systems represents a circular and climate-resilient approach, converting industrial waste into a value-added resource for sustainable farming. This review aimed at ensuring sustainable crop production in salt-affected and climate-stressed agroecosystems.

Keywords: Graphene oxide, Refractory coalchar, Saline irrigation water, Soil health, Soil microbiome, Climate change


How to Cite

Ayiramkan, M., Rajammal, T. S. J., Rengasamy, P., Murugaiyan, B., Kuppusamy, S., Anandhakrishnaveni, S., & Arumugam, K. (2026). Managing Saline Irrigation and Soil Microbiome Using Coalchar-Derived Graphene Oxide. Advances in Sustainable Agriculture and Horticulture: Towards Resilient, Productive, and Ecologically Sound Food Systems, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asah/7613