An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) represents a significant public health challenge, particularly in endemic regions such as Brazil. This chapter delves into the epidemiological landscape of CL within Maranhão State, Brazil, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay of factors contributing to its persistent prevalence. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological data, we explore the demographic characteristics of affected populations, the environmental determinants influencing disease transmission, and the broader socioeconomic contexts that shape vulnerability to this neglected tropical disease. The narrative highlights the specific challenges encountered in controlling CL in Maranhão and proposes forward-looking strategies for enhanced disease management and prevention. Through a detailed examination of risk factors, this chapter seeks to provide a didactic overview for researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers, fostering a deeper understanding of CL and informing more targeted public health initiatives. These findings underscore the critical role of sociodemographic factors, such as age, gender, and educational attainment, in shaping the disease's burden, thereby reinforcing the imperative for integrated health education and preventive policies. From 2020 to 2024, 6,406 cases were registered, marked by a significant number between the years 2020 to 2023, with a substantial decrease in the year 2024, with only 676 cases. A higher prevalence was observed in the ages between 20 and 39 years, and in the ages between 40 and 59 years, with males disproportionately affected. Individuals with incomplete elementary education had a higher incidence of confirmed cases, highlighting that lower educational levels tend to be more vulnerable to infectious diseases due to a limited understanding of the forms of transmission, prevention, and symptoms. This often delays care-seeking, treatment initiation, and ongoing health monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for health education in rural areas with the aim of informing and raising awareness among the population about the disease.