Inflammatory Biomarkers and Renal Function Alterations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Tumour Necrosis Factor-α
Zina Abdulmunem Abdulrazaaq *
Department of Biology, College of Education for Women, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder commonly associated with systemic inflammation and progressive renal impairment. Growing evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the development of diabetic kidney complications. This book chapter aimed to evaluate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers, particularly tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and renal function parameters in patients with T2DM. A total of 70 individuals aged 40–60 years were enrolled, including 40 patients with T2DM and 30 healthy controls. Serum levels of glucose, ferritin, TNF-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), urea, creatinine, and uric acid were assessed using standard biochemical assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. The results demonstrated significantly higher levels of inflammatory markers and renal function indicators in patients with T2DM compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). These findings support the role of chronic inflammation, mediated by TNF-α, in renal dysfunction associated with T2DM and highlight the importance of early monitoring of inflammatory and renal biomarkers to reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, TNF-α, inflammation, renal function, diabetic nephropathy