https://stm2.bookpi.org/ACSCCAC/issue/feed 2025-12-29T09:39:02+00:00 Open Journal Systems <p>Coffee belongs to the genus <em>Coffea</em> L. of the <em>Rubiaceae</em> family and serves as a highly significant economic crop in subtropical and tropical regions. Among the world's three major beverage crops (coffee, tea, and cocoa), coffee ranks first in terms of production, output value, and consumption. Its estimated annual retail value is approximately 70 billion U.S. dollars, making it a primary source of income for over 100 million people and crucial to the economies of more than 60 countries. In China, the main cultivated varieties are <em>Coffea arabica</em> (small-grain coffee) and <em>C. canephora </em>(medium-grain coffee). The former is primarily grown in high-altitude, low-latitude regions such as Yunnan, while the latter is mainly cultivated on Hainan Island, where conditions are characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and altitudes below 600 meters. Small-grain coffee was first introduced to China in 1892 by French missionaries in Zhukula Village, Binchuan County, Yunnan, whereas medium-grain coffee was introduced to Hainan Island in the early 20th century. According to statistics, the global coffee industry reached a market size exceeding 400 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. In China, the coffee industry’s market scale reached approximately 145.4 billion yuan in 2022, representing a year-on-year increase of 28.6%. Although China's coffee consumption market is less mature compared to North American and European countries such as the United States, Germany, and France, it possesses substantial growth potential and is currently in a phase of rapid development.</p> https://stm2.bookpi.org/ACSCCAC/article/view/756 2025-12-29T09:34:29+00:00 Ying Lu [email protected] Xiaoli Hu Yanqiong Liang Xing Huang Weihuai Wu

<p>Coffee is a significant traded commodity for developing countries. Among the various diseases affecting coffee, anthracnose caused by <em>Colletotrichum</em> spp. has re-emerged as a major constraint on global coffee production. In this study, 74 <em>Colletotrichum</em> isolates were obtained from coffee plants exhibiting anthracnose symptoms across nine plantations in China. Phenotypic characterisation was first performed for preliminary identification. The <em>MAT1-2</em> (<em>ApMat</em>) gene was used to identify 55 isolates as belonging to the <em>C. gloeosporioides</em> species complex. The remaining 19 isolates were identified using a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis based on the <em>ITS</em>, <em>act</em>, <em>chs-1</em>, <em>gapdh</em>, and <em>gs</em> loci. These isolates were classified into seven species from five species complexes: <em>C. gloeosporioides</em> (including <em>C. siamense</em>, <em>C. nupharicola</em>, and <em>C. theobromicola</em>), <em>C. boninense</em> (<em>C. karstii</em>), <em>C. gigasporum</em> (<em>C. gigasporum</em>), <em>C. orchidearum</em> (<em>C. cliviicola</em>), and <em>C. magnum</em> (<em>C. brevisporum</em>). This study presents the first global report of <em>C. nupharicola</em> and <em>C. cliviicola </em>as causal agents of coffee anthracnose, and it is also the first record of <em>C. nupharicola </em>in China. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all seven species can infect coffee leaves and cause anthracnose symptoms. The identification of multiple <em>Colletotrichum</em> species, including newly reported pathogens, underscores the complexity of coffee anthracnose management, highlighting the practical importance of tailored disease control strategies. Understanding the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of these species can aid in developing targeted management approaches, such as resistant coffee varieties or specific fungicides. The discovery of <em>C. nupharicola </em>and <em>C. cliviicola</em> as pathogens in coffee globally suggests that these species may have a broader host range and wider geographic distribution than previously recognised. This research significantly advances our understanding of the <em>Colletotrichum</em> species complex associated with coffee anthracnose and provides a foundation for developing more effective management strategies, which is crucial for protecting coffee production in developing countries where the crop is a key economic resource.</p>

2025-12-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (BP International). https://stm2.bookpi.org/ACSCCAC/article/view/757 2025-12-29T09:39:02+00:00 Ying Lu [email protected] Jiali Gong Chunping He Yanqiong Liang Xing Huang Kexian Yi Weihuai Wu

<p>The indoor virulence of 15 fungicides against<em> Colletotrichum</em> spp. (coffee anthracnose pathogen) was evaluated using the mycelial growth rate method. The results showed that prochloraz, carbendazim, prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, azoxystrobin, and difenoconazole exhibited strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth, with EC₅₀ values of 0.0358 μg/mL, 0.128 μg/mL, 0.1452 μg/mL, 0.1616 μg/mL, and 0.8367 μg/mL, respectively, all below 1 μg/mL. Moderately effective fungicides included pyrimethanil, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, copper calcium sulfate, and cymoxanil, with EC₅₀values of 1.8686 μg/mL, 3.4059 μg/mL, 7.4905 μg/mL, 12.4788 μg/mL, and 15.0906 μg/mL, respectively. The least effective were myclobutanil, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, propineb, and iprodione, with EC₅₀ values of 36.4532 μg/mL, 53.3999 μg/mL, 290.0661 μg/mL, 849.7937 μg/mL, and 4400.3908 μg/mL, respectively. Further screening of combined formulations using the four most effective fungicides (prochloraz, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and difenoconazole) revealed a significant synergistic effect when prochloraz was mixed with difenoconazole. The optimal ratio was 6:4 (prochloraz: difenoconazole, based on EC₅₀ values). Subsequent outdoor pot trials confirmed the enhanced efficacy of this combination, aligning with the indoor screening results. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimising fungicide combinations to control coffee anthracnose in field applications.</p>

2025-12-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (BP International).